Aggression and the World Schindlers List Essay Example

Aggression and the World Schindlers List Essay Example Aggression and the World Schindlers List Paper Aggression and the World Schindlers List Paper Essay Topic: Film Schindlers List is a poignant and moving film based on a dark period in history, the Holocaust. One of the most stark and prominent global themes that the film presents is that of aggression. The film portrays a lowly picture of the German Nazi party at the time; a strongly prejudicial party whose ideology stemmed from a belief in a superior race (Aryan) and a subsequent inferior line of people (Jews, Poles, Gypsies, handicapped and dark-skinned people). Gore Vidal is one of Americas most controversial writers and is a zealous critic of the Bush administration. In his essay entitled, `The Enemy Within (Published in The Observer, London, 27 October 2002) Vidal presents an alternative viewpoint to the widely accepted premise as to who was to blame for the September 11 attacks on the United States. One of the main ideas in this essay is that the September 11 attacks may have been a `blessing for the Bush administration who were already drawing up plans for an incursion into Afghanistan. He gives details of the USs attempts to negotiate with the Taliban to allow them to construct an oil pipeline across the country as part of a scramble to profit from the surrounding seas rich recourses. Vidal presents evidence that certain factions of the government were aware of such an impending strike, and that the aggressive attack on New York and Washington provided justification to the public for invading the country. In a similar fashion, one could assume that the motives of various Nazi party members at the time of the Holocaust was directed solely around money-making and that racial hatred was not in the equation for them. They used the strongly supported view that Jews should not be treated as human, and exploited this feeling so as to obtain free labour and effectively steal Jewish possessions (eg. he piles of valuables confiscated before the Jews boarded the trains). Vidal describes how Osama bin Laden and the Taliban were made the ` frightening logo for our long contemplated invasion and conquest of Afghanistan, while Saddam Hussein [and the pack of cards featuring other wanted villains] were made out to be the `the personification of evil. They provided the `faces for the public to despise. Perhaps in a similar manner, the Jews were targeted as the `group responsible for all of Germanys troubles at the time (Germany had suffered great loses from World War 1). They were made out to be below human standards and some members of the German public were resentful of the wealth of the Jews. Thus it was relatively easy to convince a wide range of people that it was acceptable to pillage the Jews and use them to gain wealth. This was evident with Schindler (eg. he gleefully accepted the apartment of the ejected Nussbaum [It couldnt be better]). In addition, Vidal probes the possibility that September 11 could be perceived as a `pre-emptive strike. He states: Four days earlier, the Guardian had reported that `Osama bin Laden and the Taliban received threats of possible American military action against them two months before the terrorist assaults on New York and Washington [which] raises the possibility that bin Laden was launching a pre-emptive strike in response to what he saw as US threats. A replay of the `day of infamy in the Pacific 62 years earlier? Irrespective of what point of view you believe, the essay highlights how various situations and events can be seen from an alternative perspective. Different examples of aggression may not be as straightforward and one-sided as superficially seems. Emotive language plays a strong influence in how we perceive things. Additionally, the multinational acts of aggression such as the September 11 strikes and other world large-scale conflicts (such as the conflicts in Northern Ireland and the Middle East) show that the world has not fully learnt from the past of the devastating effects large-scale formes of aggression can have on human life. We can see that the film, Schindlers List is biased (which is not necessarily negative). It is very difficult to create an objective film that is entertaining as well as provides the intended message, in this case, the atrocities that occurred during the Jewish Holocaust. Apart from the negative personification of Amon Goeths character (which cannot be entirely factual as no one knows his true psychology and thought processes), the director uses various film techniques to draw viewers towards the message he is trying to promote. During a sequence in which Goeth is bashing Helen Hirsch, the camera takes on a subjective viewpoint, that is, the view that the camera is providing is the apparent view of a particular character. We see Geoth slapping Helen from her point of view, and it is if Goeth is slapping us, the viewer. This technique increases our negative response to Geoth and simultaneously provides us with an illusional empathy for Helen (i. e. it is as if we have experienced the event and can thus relate directly to it). Other subjectivity influencing aspects include the fact that the information for the original novel was provided extensively by one side of the spectrum (Jewish survivors) and that the director of the movie himself is indeed Jewish. It could be reasonable to say that a film presenting the Nazis in a more positive light would be perceived and interpreted differently by a viewer, as would a film made from an entirely non-partisan viewpoint. Thus, the way we view aggression is influenced by our past experiences and the version of events that we receive if we do not witness the aggression in first hand. Steven Spielberg does not exclude the aggression that Jews showed towards each other in desperate survival situations (although it does not feature prominently in the storyline). There are two obvious examples of this aggression. One is during the clearing of the ghetto, when a mother and daughter ask to be allowed into an occupied hidden floorboard compartment only to be told that there is only room for the daughter (even though we can see from a high angle shot that the compartment is not full). Another act of mental aggression occurs during the `health testing day at the camp, in which a small boy resorts to lowering himself into a pit toilet to avoid being apprehended by camp authorities, only to be told by children already in that hiding spot to leave. Regina Zielinski was a Polish born, Australian migrant. In an extract from the book, With a Guitar to Sobibor, published in 1983 and written by Dunya Breur, the author provides a recount of the retrial of Karl Frenzel in which Zielinski was requested to give evidence. Regina was asked to travel to a court in the German city of Hagen to give evidence against Frenzel, a commanding officer at the Sobibor `Death camp where she resided during the 2nd World War. She was given a job at the camp as a knitter and thus survived, while the rest of her family were killed. During her testimony, Regina described a young boy by the name of Caruso, who was viciously murdered by Frenzel. The fact that Regina stayed behind after her testimony, during a court recess, staring, with her shoulders slumped, convinced the author that Regina was indeed telling the truth. The source shows how devastating and unforgettable certain acts of aggression can be. The seriousness that a person perceives the effects of an act of aggression to be, influences how significant the occurrence is to the individual. For example, while an act of antagonism by a sibling is soon forgiven and forgotten by most, witnessing a murder(s) remains with people, such as Regina Zielinski, for up to a lifetime. A particularly disturbing scene in the film shows a large procession of Jews being led into the closed Jewish ghetto. As the Jews walk along the main road carrying their most valuable possessions, a sizeable contingency of onlookers shout out insults and throw dirt at the Jews. Above the noise, a distinguishable voice of a girl no more than ten years old can be heard screaming out, Goodbye Jews, with frightening prejudice and scorn. This form of psychological aggression and racial resentment is quite shocking as we know that the girl is probably not old enough to forge her own ideas on such issues and the shallow prejudice could only be instilled in her by family and elder peers. The scene shows that aggressively prejudiced thoughts and beliefs are easily `picked-up by the young, who are not mature enough to realise the true significance and enormity behind these beliefs. The film divulges into the psychological mindset of a recognised villain of the era, Amon Goeth. Goeth is portrayed in the film as the main scoundrel (although there were hundreds of people just as cruel as he was). He seemed to have no sympathy whatsoever for the plight of the Jews. He strongly believed that the Jews were an inferior race and followed the ideology of the Nazis with similar fanaticism. The documentary As it Happened The Long Road to War (which aired on SBS on the 12/05/03 at 7:30pm) provided a recap of U. S. and Iraqi relations over the last 2 decades. In addition, the 2-hour special presented an in-depth insight into Saddam Husseins rise to power and his time as dictator of Iraq. This analysis of Saddams character provided me with an excellent source to compare Hussein to Goeth. Both Hussein and Goeth had unregulated power over a group of people. The foremost distinction between the two is that Hussein controlled an entire country (from 1973 onwards) and was essentially above any laws and rules that applied to Iraqis. Goeth, on the other hand, had dictator-like control of the people in his concentration camp, however, Goeth was not above common Nazi law at the time (i. e. he could have been jailed or even executed for having a liaison with Helen Hisch, the servant Jew). An example of Husseins unbridled authority is a section in the documentary, which displays black and white video recorded footage of a meeting that Saddam had with other members of his Baath party in a large auditorium. In it Hussein reads from a list the names of people from his own party that he believes are disloyal. Those whose names are read out are escorted from the room and were never seen again. The most eminent aspect of aggression expressed by Hussein, was the incursion of the Iraqi military into Kuwait, which was subsequently the initiation of the Persian Gulf War. During the incursion, countless numbers of Kuwaitis were tortured and murdered. This is a segment of a speech Bush Snr made in the lead up to war: Summary executions, routine torture, Hitler revisited. America will not stand aside, the world will not allow the strong to swallow up the weak. In saying this, Bush compares the reign of Saddam Hussein to the reign of Hitler and the Nazis in the Second World War. In response Hussein states: Iraqis will not forget the maxim, that cutting necks is better than cutting the means of living. God almighty be witness that we have warned them. Both speeches have differing target audiences and use very different language, however they both evoke an aggressive pretext. The Concise English dict ionary defines the noun `aggression as `an unprovoked attack; a hostile action or behaviour. Through my viewing of the film, I came to realise that the first definition of aggression was not necessarily the case. Instead I recognized that aggression could indeed be provoked (while remaining outside `retaliation) but almost always inadvertently. Provocation can only be defined by an individual (through cultural influences and self-temperament). The more acceptable view is that the aggression brought to bear by Amon Goeth towards Helen Hersch in the cellar was unprovoked, however one could (controversially) argue that Helen provoked the situation by failing to respond to Goeth and his questions. Obviously the aggression was not warranted or acceptable and there was unquestionably no intent to incite on Helens part, but such an argument is still marginally valid. In retrospect, the film presented me with an in-depth look at the plight of the Jews during the period. It provided a display of emotion which is absent or easily overlooked in a written text. In particular, the film showed how the reaction of the audience to acts of aggression can be heightened or subdued through the use of film techniques.

Essay on Colonial Latin American History part 2Essay Writing Service

Essay on Colonial Latin American History part 2Essay Writing Service Essay on Colonial Latin American History part 2 Essay on Colonial Latin American History part 2Essay on Colonial Latin American History part  1Spain’s methods of conquestIn order to build a new American Empire, the Spanish used a number of methods and techniques during the reconquista of Spain. The major aim of the Spanish Empire was to draw away the Muslims from the territories of the New World and establish the rule of Christianity. During the conquest of the Muslims, the Spanish conquistadors lived among them and tried to impose their own culture upon the indigenous people. The settlers of Spain that became known as peninsulares were mostly comprised of men. Consequently, marriage between the Spanish settlers and indigenous women of the land was quite a common phenomenon. Such marriages consequently formed a mixed Native American and Spanish population. Today, their descendants mostly live in present Mexico as well as other Latin American countries and some parts of the USA.Despite the fact that the Spanish conquerors used to live among the native people and intermarried with them, they also greatly oppressed them. Oppression of the indigenous people was fierce and violent. In an effort to exploit the region for its ample and precious natural resources, the Spanish conquistadors forced the Native American people to work within a special system that became known as encomienda[1]. According to this system, native people had to farm, mine and ranch for the Spanish landlords, whom the Spanish authorities gave all rights to the labor of natives. Although those who received such rights promised the Spanish governors that they would treat their workers with respect and act fairly, they failed to keep their promise. As a result, many of the natives were abused and a great number of laborers died, especially those working inside the hazardous mines. The Spanish conquistadors, however, used the same violent system in the Caribbean region as well.Opposition of Latin Americans to Spanish RuleIt is known that Spanish priests worked hard to spread Christian religion in America. They also advocated for better treatment of the native population of Latin America. It is evident that Spanish priests stood against the cruel and violent treatment of Native Americans and their oppression by Spanish conquistadors. They especially criticized the fierce and harsh labor conditions that took place under the encomienda ruling system. The Spanish priests considered that there was nothing more cruel, violent and truly detestable, than the harsh tyranny of the Spaniards towards the indigenous population of Latin America[2]. And all this was for the sake of pursuing gold and silver and getting rich. As a result, the Spanish government decided to abolish the existing labor system, which was accomplished in 1542. Instead, to meet the desperate need of the Spanish colonies for labor, it was suggested to use Africans. The Spanish that colonized the Americas soon began using Africans as their slaves to meet th e ever increasing labor needs, although the priests largely disapproved of such methods either.However, the opposition to the method of colonization used by the Spanish came not only from the priests, but from the native population as well. Harsh resistance towards the Spain’s attempt to dominate the lands of Latin America started shortly after the Spaniards landed ashore the Caribbean region. Thus, the attempts of Columbus to conquer today’s island of St. Croix resulted in great opposition from the side of the natives[3]. The inhabitants of the island defended their land and themselves by firing poisonous arrows at the invaders, who consequently had to surrender. The efforts of the Spaniards to gain control over other regions of Latin America met with even harsher resistance. Some of the conquered lands made attempts to revolt during the later years of colonization.It needs to be mentioned that the attitude of Spaniards towards the natives of Latin America was express ed not only in their exploitation and harsh working conditions, but also in the methods employed by the Spanish to convert the native population to Christianity. Thus, Spanish priests and conquistadors often burned various sacred objects that the natives possessed and even prohibited the rituals that the indigenous people were accustomed to. The Spanish soldiers also abused the natives physically. Thus, the people of America that practiced their own religion were severely beaten. All this resulted in a great number of rebellions from the side of Latin American native population.ConclusionTo conclude, it needs to be said that the discovery of the new land and further exploration of the region led to a number of revolutionary outcomes and surely changed the whole history of America. The influence of the Spanish colonization of Latin America is immense and truly immeasurable. It should be admitted that due to the harsh conditions, in which the natives of Latin America have been kept by Spanish Empire, the indigenous population of the region grew to loathe and fear the Spanish conquistadors, which resulted in a number of revolts from the side of the natives. The word â€Å"conquistador† that means â€Å"conqueror† has acquired a long-lasting stigma that continues to present days.Nobody knows what would have happened, if Christopher Columbus did not discover the New World. It can be firmly stated that the history would be different. However, everything is always for the best. The consequences of the colonization of Latin America are numerous. Thus, it should be said that the colonization had a great cultural impact on the natives of Latin America. The populations and cultures of the indigenous peoples of America experienced a great number of changes because of the Spanish colonization of their lands. The intermarriages, labor conditions and the circumstances of the invasion itself greatly influenced the number of Latin American population, their cultu re, religious beliefs and inherent values that the natives had before.The above research has analyzed different aspects of the Spanish colonization of Latin America. It explored such aspects as the reasons, circumstances, methods and outcomes of the colonization of the New World by the Spaniards. Finally, it needs to be admitted that the Spanish colonization of the Latin American lands brought about a great number of changes to the entire history of America. And these changes are evident even in the present day Latin America that has gained its independence long ago and the times of colonization are now simply a part of the history.

Constitutional Considerations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Constitutional Considerations - Research Paper Example It is hard to prosecute someone for crimes committed in another jurisdiction (but it is possible). Generally speaking, the worse the crime the higher the level of jurisdiction. For example, most terrorism charges are of a federal nature and will be tried in federal court because they are matters of national security. |The government has decided that one type of crime is more severe than another and that it affects the national interest. Additionally if a crime involves several states—for example, if you rob banks in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, federal prosecutors will likely take over. Additionally, if a crime involves moving money in and out of the country, federal prosecutors will likely take over. Or if a crime such as corruption is occurring at the State Capitol, the FBI will be called in. Generally, there are a number of federal organizations such as the FBI, ATF, and DEA who have federal jurisdiction over certain serious types of crimes. These people will d o their investigations and turn over their evidence to federal prosecutors who will then make their case to a federal judge. All of these people will have been appointed by the federal government. Jurisdiction is the place of the

Fashion Popular Pleasure and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion Popular Pleasure and the Media - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Popular Pleasure and the Media" gives a detailed information about popular pleasure in fashion and media and also discovers the gender representation in culture. The bind, which is mutual restraint, must be deconstructed. â€Å"A strong point may be to think of gender on the lines of Michel Foucault’s theory of sexuality as â€Å"technology of sex† and to propose that gender too, both as representation and as self representation, is the product of various social technologies, such as cinema.† It is undeniable fact that it is media which shapes our notions to demarcate between male or female. Different role models are projected in media but the question is does this role model represent the range of men/women? Or it is a difference of stereotype which later becomes sub-stereotype. Does this projection of role models not harming the individuality. The women were praised for their voluptuous bodies before it was told that to be fat was wrong and i nterestingly men preferred the women of voluptuous bodies because such women were ideal for child bearing. In animal kingdom the bodies of female are larger but women are the only creatures that are expected and forced to have a fragile figure. It is interesting to note that artists of all ages have been the staunch believer of the fact that women of all figures and size are beautiful. See the works of Botticelli, Renoir and Rubens. Therefore, it is very difficult for a lot of women to achieve the ideal slender figure and it does not liberate them.

English 105 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English 105 - Essay Example se people require, it would also be great to spread awareness and to let other people know about their plight so that they can come forward and help them, it is an arduous task but someone has to take an initiative and drive other people forward so that they work in unison and improve the overall living conditions in Africa. It is really a surprise to me that the world has made so much progress yet many people continue to live far below the poverty line, this disparity has to be eliminated and it is really important for the other people to understand this and they will also work towards eliminating this disparity once they understand how important it is to restore parity in the society. â€Å"Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in the semiarid regions of Africa. The first showers of the rainy season usually follow a long dry season, during which the soil becomes thoroughly dried out.† (M. Eugene, P. 8) Africa is hit badly by other factors also and even this needs to be sorted out, the climate experts should intervene and suggest solutions to these natural problems that are being faced by several people in Africa. â€Å"Malnutrition is a major health problem, especially in developing countries. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene, given their direct impact on infectious disease, especially diarrhea, are important for preventing malnutrition. Both malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation are linked to poverty. The impact of repeated or persistent diarrhea on nutrition-related poverty and the effect of malnutrition on susceptibility to infectious diarrhea are reinforcing elements of the same vicious circle, especially amongst children in developing countries.† (WHO) Malnutrition remains another huge problem, the final paper will also reveal some very important statistics and it will also aim at providing solutions to these ever growing problems. The most important aim would be to make the people who are living in ideal conditions understand the plight

Reflection of Personal Art Therapy Experience as Facilitator

Reflection of Personal Art Therapy Experience as Facilitator Brett Cartwright Description I have chosen to do my reflection on the Art Therapy Focusing model in which I facilitated a process for my client, who for the purpose of confidentiality we will call ‘Jemima’. This session was conducted at the Phoenix Institute of Australia as a part of the learning model presented by my lecturer within the Art Therapy Module. During the â€Å"setting up† (Malchiodi 1998) the space process I went about finding an appropriate area and making sure there were sufficient items conducive of an Art Therapy session, such as pastels, paper, and markers, as well as a cabinet in the corner filled with Art Therapy supplies, should Jemima wish to use something different. Upon the completion of the setting up process, I quickly checked in with myself to ensure I was capable of holding space for my client before walking into the waiting area to greet Jemima, inviting her to join me in the room. Once in the room I enquired about how she felt regarding the comfort of the space and offered her the opportunity to rearrange it in any way she saw fit, also pointing out that there were many more art supplies in the corner cabinet. Jemima nodded and said â€Å"I’m actually quite happy with this† making a bodily gesture toward the previously setup space. Now sitting, we began to talk about how her day was going so far and if there was anything specific she would like to focus on. Upon creating an intention for the session I suggested that we try an Art Therapy Focusing process and proceeded to explain what would be involved. We began by drawing her attention into her body, in search of a ‘Felt Sense’ (Gendlin 1996) eventually finding an image that had an ‘emotional quality’ fitting to the intention we had set for the session. I then extended an invite to open her eyes and bring the image to concretised form on the paper, inviting her to open up a dialogue with me about the process if she saw fit at any time, which she ackn owledged but declined. The rest of the session was quite silent and required little more than my presence, â€Å"unconditional positive regard† (Rogers 1980) and holding of the space to facilitate. Jemima indicated when she had finished her image, at which time I asked her to close her eyes again, inviting her to bring her awareness back to the room and slowly drawing her out of the focusing process. At this point I asked her if she could share with me how the process was for her. I let Jemima know that the session was coming to a close, offering her the opportunity to express anything else that might have come up for her during the process, and we closed the session. I then invited Jemima to give reflection on my performance as a therapist, took some notes, and the entire process was complete. Feelings I felt quite comfortable entering into this process as I am reasonably familiar and confident with the focusing process from both the ‘Focuser’ and ‘Companion’ perspectives. Also, I have worked with Jemima on a number of occasions and have developed a good amount of rapport with her, which makes for a productive and healthy therapeutic relationship. Having said that there were, and always are, a certain amount of nerves for me when stepping into the role of therapist, as I have recently discovered via an empty chair process that I have a dominant inner critic that has created really strong insecurities around professionalism. This was, however, coupled with intense feelings of excitement about acting out the entire process of a therapy session and the learning that comes from the experience. At the end of the session, as always, I found myself left with mixed feelings. I became highly stressed and critical about how I performed as the therapist, and some of the feedback I received from Jemima, again coupled with an element of excitement about having made it through the process without any major hiccups on my end. Evaluation At the time I felt things went reasonably well for both the client, and myself. It seemed that the client had really managed to embody the Art Therapy Focusing process. The â€Å"Coming in† process (Purton 2004) was smooth and seemed to flow quite well as we slowly drew Jemima’s awareness toward her inner-world, searching for a Felt Sense that eventually matched that of a ‘Protector’ (as referenced in the Analysis section below). Throughout the creation of the artwork I made a few observations about certain things, such as the way Jemima smiled when the image of her protector came to her; the movements and motions of her strokes on the paper which were reflected as being â€Å"helpful for meaning making† by the client; and the pressure she seemed to apply to different areas of the page. The end of this session felt a bit rigid and clunky upon reflection, as I always seem to have some amount of trouble tying things off without interrupting the clientà ¢â‚¬â„¢s process. Analysis Upon analysis of the session and the feedback given by the client, it would seem that it was a productively therapeutic session that helped the client in â€Å"clearing space† (Gendlin 1996) and creating a â€Å"safe space† using an image of a â€Å"protector† as tools created by Judith Herman and described by Rappaport (1998), which the client can now refer to in consecutive sessions to help return to that feeling of safety, if the client resonates strongly with that image. There was the possibility for a couple of intersubjective responses, as I had a couple of images with protective qualities come up for me when I was witnessing the client’s process unfold, which I held back due to some nervousness around projection and interpretation as I did not want to influence the client’s process in any way. Conclusion In Conclusion, upon reflection of the content of the session from both my perspective and the feedback given, I realise that there is a level of incongruence, and slight lack of unconditional positive regard in not sharing my intersubjective responses with the client. Thus putting distance between myself and the client, and in turn creating a lack of attunement. As a final note, there is very little I would change about the process apart from exercising more congruence and working on developing better skills around closing the session. References Malchiodi, C.A. (1998). Setting up: Drawing on Environment and Materials. The Art Therapy Sourcebook: Art Making for Personal Growth, Insight, and Transformation. (p.79 – 102) Rappaport, L. (1998). Focusing And Art Therapy: Tools for Working Through Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Focusing Folio, Vol. 17 (1), (p.2-3) Gendlin, E.T. (1996). Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy: A Manual of the Experiential Method. New York: Guildford Press. (p.57-58) Purton, C. (2004). Focusing as a Taught Procedure. Person-Centred Therapy: The Focusing-Oriented Approach. United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan. (p.90) Rogers. C. R. (1980). Characteristics of the Person-Centred Approach. A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (p.115-116)

Social Planning, Community Development, and Social/Community Action Ess

Social Planning, Community Development, and Social/Community Action A Community can be defined as a group of people who don’t just live in the same area, but also share the same interests, experiences and often concerns about the area in which they live. Often when individuals have lived on a street or in an area for a while they become familiar with each other and the issues surrounding them. Children often attend the same schools and grow up together, again sharing similar experiences. In some instances adults may work together, and quite commonly all community members will share the same doctors, dentists, hospitals, health visitors and other public services and facilities. Frequently however, issues arise amongst a community that need attention. In this essay I will outline and discuss some of these issues and the interventions, projects or programmes designed and used to tackle and combat them. The three models of intervention or, ‘Community Development’, I will discuss in this essay, "Social Planning", "Community Development", and "Social/Community Action", all have the same aim regardless of how it is accomplished and this is to improve and maintain the conditions which affect the lives of the community. ‘Social Planning’, is a model of development which can be described as, ‘Doing For’, the community. If it is perceived by government bodies that a community has sunk so low that is unable to be resolved by using alternative methods, (some of which will be discussed later in this essay), the government will intervene with methods deemed necessary. Initially a profile of a community will be drawn up using research methods, surveys and statistics that will highlight the issues faced by the community. Then a plan... ...ith rather than weakening it by doing for. Community development creates independence and an ability for a community to stand up and control, to an extent the factors that affect the lives, exactly what the intentions were in the first place. Social/Community Action while this appears affective in some instances it can become out of control and altogether unproductive. It is probably the most empowering model yet at the same time the most confusing if the aims, objectives and facts are unclear. Through the study of each of these models it is apparent that the best form of community development embraces all three Social Planning, Community development and Social/Community Action, and quite often community workers and practitioners do. Taking a piece from each model and using it at the appropriate time will be much more beneficial than using one single model.

Polaroid Corporation

Polaroid | Why Polaroid failed Polaroid | Background Information 1937 | founded by Edwin Land first to switch to colored dyes 1948 | launch of instant film cameras first & only brand within its category 1982 | Edwin Land left the company early 90s | introduction of digital cameras Oct 2001 | couldn‘t compete with digital cameras & filed a bankrupcy Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 2 Polaroid | Edwin Land Factory of innovation 535 patents Block-buster creator House Genius Edwin Land centric company Product-oriented Showman Marketing is what you do when your product is not good† Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 3 Polaroid | Contextualizing Competitive Advantage competitiveness level market orientation sales orientation product orientation production orientation until mid 80s supply < demand supply = demand supply > demand 4 innovative excellence first mover cult status brand identity Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? Polaroi d | Changes in the market competitiveness level market orientation mid 80s onwards sales orientation product orientation production orientation rices for conventional cameras drop 1-hour-photo shops emerge home computers & digital cameras supply > demand 5 supply < demand supply = demand Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? Polaroid | Reactions & Cause of Failure Polaroid stayed product-centric Failed to anticipate market changes & implications Ignored opportunity despite having technological expertise & fixated on Polaroids „As electronic imaging becomes more prevalent, there remains a basic human need for a permanent visual recordâ€Å"Reaction to changes too slow Loss of key brand asset & competitive advantages Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 6 Polaroid | Loss of Competitive Advantage limited interactivity (social network etc. ) lack of convenience (10 pics at a time) expensive compared to digital cameras emergence of instant printing shops. brand identity adopted by digital camera competitors Polaroid nowadays perceived as ‚artsy‘ & ‚retro‘ Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 7 Polaroid | Way Around It & ConclusionPolaroid could have branded digital products as a logical extensions of its instant range if they had anticipated the changes early enough and reacted accordingly Concentrate on product & brand value rather than products & technology Keep up with the market trends Anticipate future changes & implications Satisfy a need â€Å"camera should go beyond amusement and record making to become a continuous partner of most human beings†¦ a new eye, a second memory. â€Å" (Land) Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 8 Polaroid | Sources Arvidson, Erik, „Polaroid Historyâ€Å", retrieved from http://www. how. com/info_8730013_polaroidhistory. html Camerapedia. wikia. com, http://camerapedia. wikia. com/wiki/Polaroid, viewed Oct 6th 2012 Haig, Matt (2011), „Brand Failures: The Truth About the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time† Polaroid. com, http://www. polaroid. com/about-us, viewed Oct 7th 2012 Smith, Andrea Nagy (November 2009), „What was Polaroid thining? â€Å", in: Behavioral Research, A publication of the Yale School Of Management, retrieved from http://qn. som. yale. edu/content/what-waspolaroid-thinking Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 9

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 8

Ella I realize I have more issues than I thought. As soon as we turn onto the Back Road, a passion combusts inside me. It only flames hotter when we pull up to The Hitch, an old abandoned restaurant stationed at the end of the road. It's the perfect set up for street racing, with a long straight road tucked between the lofty trees on the mountains. The sky is black, the moon bright, but there are clouds rolling in. I cringe, thinking of the night on the bridge. We'd been racing before I'd gone there. Micha gets a text message right as we brink the end of the road. He pulls the car to the side, maneuvering carefully across the pot holes. He pushes the parking brake in and checks his phone, shutting it off, and looking torn up. â€Å"What's wrong?† I ask. â€Å"You look upset?† â€Å"Nothing's wrong. Everything's great.† He's lying, but how can I press him to tell the truth when I'm a liar too? â€Å"So this is your surprise?† I will my voice to sound disappointed, but it comes out pleased. Micha gives me a sidelong glance. â€Å"Don't smile, pretty girl. It'll ruin your whole I'm-neutral-and-don't-give-a-shit act.† I opt to remain impartial. â€Å"Who are you planning to race tonight?† â€Å"You mean who are we racing?† He smiles alluringly through the dark cab of the car. â€Å"Well, I thought I'd leave that up to you.† In front of the trees is a line of cars with their headlights on and their owners standing near the front. They're a rough crowd, mostly guys except for Shelia, a big girl with arms thicker than my legs. She's the only girl I've ever truly feared. â€Å"Well, there's Mikey.† I rub my forehead with the back of my hand. â€Å"Does he still got that piece of crap 6 cylinder in his Camaro?† â€Å"Yeah, he does.† Micha leans back in the seat, examining me amusedly through the dark. â€Å"You think that's who I should go for?† â€Å"It's the obvious choice.† I don't like where my thoughts are heading, but I can't shut off my basic instinct. I've always been a hanging-out-with-the-guys kind of girl and therefor there is an abundance of knowledge about cars stashed away in my head. Lila is the first girl I've been friends with. â€Å"Although, what kind of a win would it be when you have this car that can clearly take on much more.† â€Å"You think I should take on someone in my own league?† â€Å"If you want the win to mean anything, then yeah.† We look at each other, like magnets begging to get closer. Yet flip one the wrong direction and they will push apart. â€Å"So which one is it, pretty girl?† He drapes an arm over the headrest behind me and his fingers brush my shoulder. â€Å"The underdog or the big dog.† There's a dare in the air, teasing the real me to come out tonight. I want to give in, just for a few hours, and let my inner ropes untie. I want to allow myself to breathe again, but I fear the loss of control – I fear I'll have to feel everything, including my guilt. â€Å"Micha, I think we should go back.† I put my seatbelt back on. â€Å"This isn't my thing anymore.† He presses his lips together firmly. â€Å"Please can we have a night? Just you and I. I really need this right now.† I pick up on his strange vibe and the sorrow in his eyes. â€Å"Okay, what's wrong? You've seemed a little out of it. Was it bad news on that text you got?† He traces the figure eight tattoo on his forearm. â€Å"Do you remember when I got this?† I absentmindedly touch my lower back. â€Å"How could I forget, since I have the same one on my back?† â€Å"Do you remember why we got them?† â€Å"I can't remember anything about that night.† â€Å"Exactly, yet you'll remember it forever. No matter what happens, which is completely ironic.† He lets his finger linger on the tattoo that represents eternity. â€Å"There's something bugging you.† I tug the bottom of my shirt down to cover up my tattoo. â€Å"Do you want to talk about it?† He shakes his head, still focused on the tattoo. â€Å"Nah, I'm good.† To distract him from his thoughts, I point my finger at a smokin' hot 1970 Pontiac GTO, blue with white racing stripes. â€Å"What about Benny? Does he still have the 455?† Micha's eyes are pools of black liquid. â€Å"You think we should take on the big dog?† â€Å"I think you should take on the big dog,† I clarify. â€Å"I'll just watch you kick his ass.† His expression darkens. â€Å"No way. I'm not racing unless you're in the car with me. It's tradition.† A starvation inside me emerges. â€Å"Alright, I'll ride with you, just as long as you do one thing for me?† â€Å"Say it and it's yours,† he says without blinking. My hunger urges me closer to him. I prop my elbows on the console, and my arms are trembling. He doesn't move, frozen like a statue as I put my lips next to his ear. â€Å"Make sure you win,† I breathe and my body arches into him on its own accord, before I sit back in the seat. His face is indecipherable, his breathing fierce, his gaze relentless. â€Å"Okay, then. Let's go win us a race.† We climb out of the car and hike across the dirt road toward the row of cars and their owners. I shield my eyes from the headlights and wrap an arm around myself, knowing these guys are going to give me crap for how I'm dressed. Micha swings his arm around me protectively. â€Å"Relax. I got you baby.† â€Å"Well, what do we have here?† Mikey, the owner of the Camaro, strides up to us. He's got black hair, a kink in his nose, and his thick neck is enclosed with a barb-wire tattoo. â€Å"Is the infamous duo back again to get their asses kicked?† I roll my eyes. â€Å"You beat us once and that was by default due to a flat tire.† His face pinches as he takes in my shirt, tank top, and curled hair. â€Å"What the fuck happened to you?† Chandra, his girlfriend, sputters a laugh. Her dress is so tight that her curves bulge out of it and her stilettoes make her almost the same height as me. â€Å"Holy shit, she like turned into a little princess or something.† Micha squeezes my shoulder, trying to keep me calm. â€Å"So who's up first? Or has no one decided yet.† Mikey eyes Micha's Chevelle and there's a nervous look in his eyes. â€Å"You think you can just walk in here and play the game after sitting out for nearly a year?† I mouth to Micha, a year? Micha shrugs. â€Å"What? You were gone. Why the hell would I want to race?† â€Å"Again, you need to move on without†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I trail off. Mikey will use what I say against Micha, so I have to watch my mouth. â€Å"We want to race Benny.† Mikey's laughter echoes the night. â€Å"You and what army?† I point at Micha's Chevelle parked near the road. â€Å"That army right there.† Mikey shakes his head and shoos us away. â€Å"That thing don't stand a chance against the GTO. Now run along and come back when you got something bigger.† He's testing my control. A lot. â€Å"As opposed to yours?† I retort, getting into Mikey's face. â€Å"Because that thing's all looks and no go.† Micha directs me back by the shoulders and a trace of amusement laces his voice. â€Å"Easy there, tiger. Let's try not to get our asses kicked tonight, okay?† Benny hops off the hood of his car, flicks his cigarette to the ground, and leaves his buddies to join us. â€Å"What's up? Did I hear someone wanted to race me?† Benny's the kind of guy that everyone respects because they're afraid of him. When he was a freshman he got into a fight at school with a senior twice his size and beat him up pretty badly. No one knows what the fight was over or what happened, but it was enough that everyone became cautious of Benny. Mikey points a finger sharply at me. â€Å"Princess right here wants to challenge you to a race in that thing.† Benny's eyes wander to the Chevelle as he cocks his shaven head and crosses his muscular arms. â€Å"Micha, isn't that your car?† Micha pats my back and winks at me. â€Å"Yeah, apparently she's my spokesperson.† Benny deliberates this and then turns to Mikey, who's glaring at me. â€Å"I don't see what the big deal is. I have no problem with Micha racing. In fact, it might be kinda nice to have a challenge for a change.† Benny slaps Mikey on the back kind of hard and then pounds fists with Micha. â€Å"Thanks man,† Micha says with a respective nod. â€Å"Are you and I going to line up first then?† Benny bobs his head up and down, nodding as he stares at the road pensively. â€Å"Yeah man, I think that'd work.† They chat a little bit more about the rules and what not, while Mikey continues to scowl at me like an angry dog. Once they're done talking, Micha and I walk back to the car, while everyone else scatters toward the starting line located right in front of The Hitch. â€Å"So what's your plan?† I ask. â€Å"Because beating him won't be easy.† â€Å"You're my plan.† He opens the passenger door for me. â€Å"With you in the car, there's no way I won't win, otherwise you'll never let me live it down.† Tucking my head into the car, I drop into the seat and then look up at him. â€Å"I won't make your car go any faster.† He grins, slamming the door. â€Å"Sure you will.† He slides across the front of the hood and climbs into the driver's seat. â€Å"You're such a show off,† I remark. He starts up the engine and it thunders to life. â€Å"That's like the pot calling the kettle black.† I slump back in the seat and fold my arms. â€Å"I may have been a lot of things, but I was never a show off.† He hooks a finger under my chin and angles my head toward him. â€Å"Taylor Crepner's graduation party two years ago. You were standing on the roof with a snowboard strapped to your feet, telling everyone you could make the jump. I think that's pretty close to showing off.† I make an innocent face. â€Å"But I did make the jump, didn't I?† â€Å"Yeah, but not without breaking your arm,† he says. â€Å"And that's beside the point.† â€Å"You're right,† I admit, touching the small scar on my arm where the bone broke through the skin. â€Å"I was showing off and you had to drive my dumb ass to the hospital, then sit in the waiting room while I had surgery to put my arm back together.† His finger traces a line down my neck and to my chest bone. â€Å"I was there because I wanted to be.† â€Å"You missed a performance because of me.† â€Å"I don't care – never have.† My gaze involuntarily flicks to his lips. Suddenly, I want to kiss him, like I did that night on the bridge. It makes me uncomfortable because the feeling owns me. I lean away, putting space between us. Sensing my transfer of attitude, he revs up the engine and spins the tires, fishtailing the car to the startup line. He shoots me a smug look, cocking an eyebrow. â€Å"Now that's showing off.† Shaking my head, I restrain a grin. Benny lines up the front of his GTO with Micha's Chevelle and his girlfriend struts up between the two cars. She's wearing jeans and a short t-shirt that shows her stomach. She flips her dark hair off her shoulder and then raises her hands above her head. People line up along the road, watching, and placing bets on the winner. I spot Ethan and Lila toward the front, chatting about something, and Lila is doing her flirty hair flip thing. â€Å"When did they get here?† Micha ignores me, eyeing Benny through his rolled down window. â€Å"To the baseline and back?† Benny's arm is resting casually on top of the steering wheel. â€Å"Yeah, man. First one back wins.† They look away from each other. Benny waves at his girlfriend and she nods her head. â€Å"On your mark. Get set. Go!† Her hands shoot down and screeches cut the air. A trail of dust engulfs us as we race off. The trees on the side of the road are a blur, and the sky is one big streak of stars. I keep silent as Micha shifts the car over and over again, but something inside me awakens from a very deep sleep. Benny pulls ahead and makes a sharp swerve right in front of us. His red tail lights are blinding in the night and his exhaust is puffing out thin clouds of smoke. Micha speeds up, inching the front end toward the rear of the GTO. As we approach the end, Benny pulls farther ahead, but it's not over yet. Micha has a thing for flipping the car around, without decreasing the acceleration. It's scary as hell, but it works every time. Besides with the longer body of Benny's GTO it doesn't have quite the turning power. We reach the end and I should probably be nervous. The road cuts off into a steep, rocky hill and the space to turn around is narrow, but I've never gotten scared, not even now. I guess I can't change what's in my blood. The GTO begins to slant sideways as Benny turns it. Micha veers to the side to get around him and shoots for the open gap between the car and the trees. I grab the handle above my head, the brakes squeal, and I brace my feet up on the dashboard. It's like being on a merry-go-round on crack. Everything spins – the trees, the sky, Micha. For a second, I shut my eyes and it feels like I'm flying. It takes me back to the night on the bridge. She said she could fly. The car straightens out and Micha floors the gas pedal. Like I predicted, Benny is having a harder time lining back up. By the time we're speeding up the road again, he's a small distance behind us. Micha punches the gas and shifts the car into a higher gear. The long front end of the GTO materializes through my window and Micha floors it, shooting me a look that lets me know I can tell him to slow down if I want. I don't. People flee to the side, panicking at our dangerous speed as we rip through the finish line. It isn't clear who the winner is or who's going to be able to get their car to stop in time, before crushing into The Hitch. Brakes shriek and dust swamps the windows. My body is thrown forward with the car's abrupt halt and I smack my head on the dashboard. Micha works to regain control of the wheel and straightens the car as it skids to a stop. Everything settles and the dust slowly clears. Micha and I stare out the windshield, breathing loudly, our eyes as wide as golf balls. The front bumper of the Chevelle is a sliver away from a very large tree. â€Å"Holy shit,† Micha whispers and looks at me, his eyes bulging. â€Å"Are you okay?† I lower my hand from the dashboard, my chest heaving with my breaths. Rubbing the bump on my head, I turn in my seat toward Micha. There is an eerie calm inside me and one of my worst fears becomes a reality. I'm an adrenaline junkie. Plain and simple, but I think it's how I've been all along. I just never admitted. I'm no longer in control. As I incline toward Micha, my heart flutters to life in my chest. My eyes shut and my lips brush his, gently tasting him. It feeds my hunger vaguely and I edge back, letting my eyes open. Micha is looking at me, his eyes pools of blue like the deep spots of the ocean hidden from the world. His hand comes up behind my head and he entices my lips back to his. Something snaps inside me, like a rubber band. With one swift movement, and the aid of my own willingness, Micha lifts me over the console and I straddle his lap, looping my arms around his neck. His hands burrow into my thighs and slip under my skirt onto my bare skin. My breath falters at the intimacy of his touch. No one has ever touched me like this before, without me running away. Usually, being this close to someone sends me into a room packed with self-doubt, panic, distrust, and unfamiliarity. My legs tense and Micha leans back. â€Å"Stay here, baby,† he whispers, like he can read my thoughts. â€Å"Trust me, okay? Don't run.† He waits for me to nod and then crashes his lips into mine, keeping his hands under my skirt. I arch my body into him, pressing my chest against his, and my nipples tingle. His tongue sensually plays with mine, tracing every spot on my mouth and my lips. My body starts to fill with a secret longing. Micha moves his mouth away from mine and my legs tremble in objection. He sucks a path of kisses down my jawline, moving to my neck and residing on my chest right above where my breast curves out of the top of my shirt. It sends a shock through my body and my legs uncontrollably tighten around him, my knees pressing into his sides. He lets out a slow, deep groan and his hand slides higher into my skirt as he guides me closer. I can feel him pressing in between my legs and it scares the shit out of me, but not enough to make me stop. It's like all the sexual tension I ran away from has sprung free all at once. My fingers sneak under the bottom of his shirt and trace along the outline of his lean muscles. I don't know where to stop or how to put the line back up. My mind is racing and I clutch onto his shoulders needing my control back. Someone bangs on the window. â€Å"Are you two having fun in there?† I jump back and my cheeks start to heat at the sight of Ethan and Lila staring at us through the window. In his black tee and jeans, Ethan blends in with the night, but his dark, insinuating smile glows. Lila's eyes are magnified and her jaw is hanging open. Micha does nothing to help the situation. A lazy grin spreads across his face as he watches me through hooded eyes, looking very pleased with himself. The adrenaline washes out of me and leaves a numb feeling in its place. I climb off his lap and straighten my skirt and hair before getting out of the car. I calmly walk around the back of the car and join Ethan and Lila. â€Å"So who won the race?† I ask, smoothing the last of the wrinkles out of my skirt. Ethan smirks at me. â€Å"Is that what you're really thinking about at the moment?† I stare at him blankly. â€Å"What else would I be thinking about?† Micha climbs out of the car, stretching his long legs. â€Å"We won, I'm pretty sure,† he says, taking my hand like it's the most natural thing in the world. â€Å"Although, I'm betting there's an argument going on about it.† Ethan nods agreeably and takes a sip of his soda. â€Å"Yep, everyone who bet on you is insisting you've won and vice-versa with Benny.† Micha interlaces our fingers. â€Å"So the same old, same old.† â€Å"You know how these things go.† Ethan pats Micha's shoulder sympathetically. â€Å"They're never going to come to a decision.† My hand is sweating in Micha's. He just cracked me open and my mind is racing with a billion thoughts. I can't do this with him. I can't crush him. I need to repaint the lines somehow. â€Å"We should just leave,† Micha says to me. â€Å"Let's not even give them the benefit of our argument.† â€Å"You want to drive out of here all suave?† I ask. â€Å"And make a grand exit?† Micha smiles and squeezes my hand. â€Å"A grand statement.† â€Å"Which would be?† â€Å"That we don't give a shit.† I let out a shaky breath and nod. â€Å"That sounds good to me.† â€Å"You want to meet up at the house?† he asks Ethan. â€Å"I'm sure we're going to have to do some tuning up on The Beast after what I just did.† Lila scrunches her nose and pops her gum. â€Å"The beast? Do I even want to know what that is?† Micha taps the car door with his free hand. â€Å"Yep, that's what I named it. Kind of like how you call your car your baby.† Lila laughs. â€Å"Oh, I get it. Although, I like my name better.† Micha traces his thumb along the palm of my hand. â€Å"Are you ready to go? Or do you want to go pick a fight with someone first.† I flash a panicked glance at Lila, who knits her eyebrows. â€Å"Maybe Lila and I should ride together. I haven't spent any time with her today.† â€Å"You've spent time with me every day for the last eight months,† she replies. â€Å"I think we're good for a few hours.† â€Å"I'll take care of her.† Ethan chucks the empty bottle of soda across the parking lot and it lands in the back of his truck. â€Å"Really, really good care of her.† Lila lets her blonde hair fall into her face to hide her blush. I've never seen her blush like that. What exactly have the two of them been up to tonight? Micha shakes his head at Ethan. â€Å"Be good.† Ethan rolls his eyes and then walks off with Lila toward his truck. Micha and I get into his car and I prepare myself to make a speech. Micha squeezes his eyes shut and holds his hand up. â€Å"Don't even say it. Just let it go for the night. Please. I need to just feel this.† The pain in his voice causes me to fasten my jaw shut. Opening his eyes, he starts up the car and we drive down the road. Micha waves to Benny as we pass and everyone's eyes follow us. Then the darkness takes over as we pull out onto the main road and the headlights light up the night like a tunnel that leads to the unknown.

Slavery in the territories essays

Slavery in the territories essays It has been said that the institution of slavery caused The Civil War. In the years leading up to Americas bloodiest war, the new territories the United States acquired began to get enough citizens so that they may become states. The question that ripped Congress and this country apart was whether or not these new states would be admitted as free or slave states. You see, until these states appeared there was a fragile balance of fourteen slave states and fourteen free ones. Admitting a state either way would cause a shift in power in the Senate, and who ever won could basically run the country. The first position to be discussed is that of the South. The South obviously believed that it was their right to take slaves into the new territories. As John C. Calhoun said it, there could be no compromise on the territorial issue. (67). The South felt that not being able to bring slaves into the colonies deprived them of their equality with the other states, the North in particular. They felt that the North was trying to dominate them, almost making the Southern whites slaves, The North is determined to convert all the southern population into slaves...The North and South are now completely separated. (70). The South felt that there was nothing wrong with the institution of slavery. It was their way of life and the means by which they made their living. Jefferson Davis said it best to exemplify the Souths feelings. To the abolitionists he said, They called slavery a sin. By which standard did they measure it? Not by the Constitution, which recognized property in slaves. Not by the Bible; that justifies it. (219). As is seen by that quote, the South felt justified in their use of slaves. They saw it protected by the Constitution, a document written by possibly the most respected men in American history, and a document held nearly in the same ligh ...

Health economics, market structures, government interventions Assignment

Health economics, market structures, government interventions - Assignment Example MONOPOLISTIC: Share the feature of monopoly and perfect competition. Similar purpose products are differentiated by many firms operating in market. Low entry and exit barriers welcomes new participants with high profits in short run. Participants gain profits various innovations in products. OLIGOPOLY: Market is based on few dominant firms offering similar but high level of differentiated products with innovation. Firms with dominance create barrier to entry exist with extensive control over price. Despite control of firms, prices are dependent on peer firms’ decision in market. MONOPOLY: Only one firm provides goods and services. Least differentiated product but control over price is enjoyed by the firm. Industry has high level of barrier to enter and exit from market. Profits are enjoyed by firm with constantly increasing economies of scale. ANSWER #2 The monopolistic competition is a type of competition that share features of two extreme types of competition being perfect c ompetition and monopoly. Many firms are present like perfect competition while products are differentiated like monopoly form of market structures such as movies etc. In short run monopolistic industry gets attractive by offering positive profits to participant firms and new firms enter to the market in long run. It is also due to due to no to low barrier of entry and exit in the market like perfect competition. Prices continue to increase over marginal cost in similar fashion as in case of monopoly competition. Profit maximization in monopolistically competitive market requires marginal revenue to equate marginal cost while downward slope of the demand curve takes marginal revenue lower than price. Also entry of new firm results in increased supply of differentiated products resulting in shift in the demand curve. Sharing the feature of perfect competition, price is determined at point equal to average total cost. This price is similar point where demand curve is tangent to average total cost. At this point industry offers zero economic profits and hence does not attract new participants due to zero economic profits (Gartner, 2009). ANSWER #3 Public goods are defined as set of goods having following two distinct characteristics of non-excludability and non-rival consumption. Non-excludability feature refers to the fact that usage or benefit of public goods gained by certain peoples does not result in prevention of its benefits offered to others. Non-rival consumption features of public goods refer that irrespective of consumption of public goods by certain people availability of amount or level of benefit to others is not reduced. These feature contrast public goods from the private goods. The example of public goods includes services of disaster management cells managed by government, roads and street lights etc. The feature of non- excludability results in facilitation of products to all even those who bear no financial cost. All financial cost bearers and non-bearers enjoy equal benefit of public goods irrespective of tastes and preferences and diminishing value. Such facilitation results in free-riders problem in economy. People gains confidence of availability of the goods even without paying for and hence tend to adopt trend of not paying for such services. This trend presses the increased burden on payer of such facilities. Such features of publi

Competitive Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Competitive Strategies - Essay Example Coca- Cola and Pepsi-Cola are two leading soft drinks in the USA. Both are represented by values cherished by the state including democracy, independence, fun and free. The color, taste and amount of carbon dioxide in both drinks are nearly the same. Coca cola is the leading brand across the globe with a leading brand value of $ 67,000 million. Its competitor Pepsi Cola has a brand of $ 12,690 million. Coca-Cola is the best recognized brand in the world and is known for owning top five soft drinks in the world that is, Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta (Bodden 2009). Coca- Cola strong brand value has positively impacted in its penetration to new markets as it consolidates the existing market. Coca-Cola was designed in 1885 by John Stith Pemberton who was a pharmacist (Bodden 2009). The name Coke was derived from the presence of cocaine in coke, this cocaine was claimed to reduce depression and made coke drinkers addicted to the drink. The Food and Drug Administration later abolished the presence of cocaine in the drink hence making the industry remove the ingredient cocaine in the drink. Although the company maintained the beverage’s name, its demand started to reduce. The company therefore resulted in aggressive advertising to promote the beverage. Pepsi on the other hand was also designed by a pharmacist, Caleb Bradham in 1898 and was named after its creator as ‘Brad drink’ (Bodden 2008). It also placed emphasis on advertising. Its advertisement challenged that of Coca-Cola since PepsiCo used celebrities such as Michael Jackson, Jackie Chan and Britney Spears among others to advertise its drinks making it popular among sports fans and the young as w ell as promoting the image of non-conformity and confidence (Doole and Lowe 2008). A Pepsi advertisement featuring Britney Spears indicated Pepsi as a drink for all,