Corporal Punishment Is A Form Of Physical Punishment

Corporal punishment is a form of physical punishment that inflicts pain on kids for their negative actions such as spanking. This topic is controversial because some people feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue using these methods and others feel very strongly that they should not be allowed to. I feel as if this method of punishment is inhumane and should not continue to be used. The modernization of psychology has proved that hitting children will not help them learn that what they did was wrong and will probably just make them angry or frustrated why they were abused. Even if they don’t do it again i think that it’s just because they’re scared not to, not because they actually learned not to and once they aren t scared anymore then they may continue to commit that action. Also if it s legal for people to do then in some cases it will be overused and the person will not be able to get into trouble if they get caught. Being abused can be a very traumatizing life event that can affect somebody forever, if we start bringing it back into schools then it could really ruin some kid s lives. According to Yun Jinies, who writes for abc news, he wrote this article to inform people about some of the dangers that come along with corporal punishment being in schools. Yun brought up a specific incident that occurred in a school where a principal paddled a 5 year old student. †Tenika Jones says the principal at the Joyce Bullock Elementary School in LevyShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment Should Be Taught Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal is derived from the Latin word corporÄ lis bodily which is equivalent to corpor meaning, â€Å"of the human body; bodily; physical†, as defined by the dictionary. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines corporal punishment as, â€Å"punishment that involves hitting someone: physical punishment†. The Committee on the Rights of the Child in the Ge neral Comment No. 8 defines ‘corporal’ or ‘physical’ punishment as, â€Å"any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of painRead MoreEssay on Corporal Punishment in Schools1007 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal Punishment Beat the students! Beat the students! Beat the students! The way most school systems want to discipline their students in the school system, is to beat them. This is the concept most schools look at corporal punishment. Corporal punishment has been used in school for centuries. Many schools have limited the use of corporal punishment but most schools continue to use corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is defined as â€Å"physical pain inflicted on the body of a child as a penaltyRead MoreEssay on Corporal Punishment1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe deciding factor in the future of corporal punishment is seen in the Ingraham v. Wright Supreme Court case. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth grade student of Drew Junior High School was one of the many beneficiaries of corporal punishment distributed by Willie Wright, the principal of the high school. The rationality behind Ingraham’s punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher instructions. As a result, his te acher sent him to the principal office where he bent over the tableRead MoreCorporal Punishment and the Effects of Its Usage757 Words   |  3 PagesCorporal Punishment and the effects of its usage Corporal punishment is the ability to make physical contact as a form of punishment for reprimanding ones behavior. Corporal punishment versus positive reinforcement while they both serve their purpose corporal punishment is known to be more effective. The most common form of disciplining has always been either a spanking, corporal punishment has been dated all the way back to biblical times. Now the corporal punishment that occurred during biblicalRead MorePersuasive Speech: Corporal Punishment1625 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Should Corporal Punishment be used by parents on young children? General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: I want to persuade my audience that corporal punishment should not be a way of punishment and to use other effective punishments. Thesis Statement: Corporal punishment tends to perpetuate a cycle of child abuse. Introduction I.Attention Grabber: â€Å"Corporal punishment is the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience painRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead More Corporal Punishment Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in this case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represen ts some form of corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment919 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in this case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represents some form of corporal punishmentRead MoreEffectiveness of Corporal Punishment1320 Words   |  5 Pageswhat form of punishment is most efficient in eliciting avoidance behaviors. For a number of years the debate about the use and effectiveness of corporal punishment by teachers has divided educators, parents and ministry officials. As a result, researchers has tried their best to determine whether punishment or harm to a child doe s indeed thwart misbehavior and encourage students to follow the rules and regulations set forth by the schools. Although, Trinidad and Tobago has banned corporal punishmentRead MorePurpose Of Corporal Punishment1151 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal Punishment is the intentional act of disciplining by inflicting physical pain as retribution for an offense or wrongdoing. The purpose of corporal punishment is to prevent the offense or wrongdoing from happening again by instilling or associating fear with these undesired acts. Corporal punishment may be divided into three main types: parental or domestic corporal punishment, school corporal punishment and judicial corporal punishment which closely related to prison corporal punishment

Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O. Essay - 1018 Words

Favoritism The story I chose to analyze is â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.† by Eudora Welty. The author, Eudora Wetly, is originally from Mississippi from a prosperous family, she was born in 1909 and passed away in 2001.During her early days she worked at small places involved with writing until she launched her literary career. ‘Why I Live at the P.O’ is about sibling rivalry and favoritism among family. My thesis states that this story shows a good example of favoritism among families and good insight from the outcast. My first impression of Eudora is that she is a well-off person with a good background and a very good education. Through this she has had the abilities to gain good literary knowledge she had attended university but returned†¦show more content†¦Another good symbolism for that, Stella Rondo talking about cutting off Papa-Daddys beard, which clearly is his pride, her Momma’s wooden spoon which she had repeatfully been said holding showing her place as the supposed caretaker of their family, and Uncle Rondos pills that symbolize that his mind his full there. You see as the day progresses how spoiled Stella Ronda is and how deceitful she can be as she turns everyone in the family again Wetly and in the end causes Wetly to come to the decision to leave. Showing of an example of siblings who did not develop a more independent stance on life and how one can be pushed towards it. It’s been stated that ‘Brothers and sisters develop patterns of love and hate, care and abuse, and loyalty and betrayal. There are power struggles, sexual possibilities, interdependencies, role experiments, and divisions of emotional and instrumental labor. All of these will shape future adult functioning, perceptions, expectations, self-care, and self-worth. In other words, here is where many people directly learn some of the basics about who they are—or dare not to be—as individuals, partners, parents, and peers (Watanabe-Hammond, 1988).’ Again as stated before it seems like you shouldnt trust what Whelty is saying about her self a nd her family but reading the commentary by her family and their extreme reactions to little things, it is obvisoe that her point ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Family as Theater in Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O.898 Words   |  4 PagesFamily as Theater in Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The outspoken narrator of Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O., known to us only as Sister, intends to convince us--the world at large--that her family has turned against her, led on by her sister, itella-Rondo. To escape her family, she explains, she has left home and now lives at the P.O., where she is postmistress. As she delivers her monologue, the narrator reveals more about herself than she intends. We see herRead MoreEudora Welty Essays1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Womens Rights Movement was one of the largest social movements in the United States. Eudora Welty was born in 1909, right around the time where womens rights were being debated the most. Welty grew up in Mississippi, a common setting in many of her short stories. She was a smart girl who enjoyed reading and writing. Welty was also an artistic soul who enjoyed painting, photography and drawing. Eudora Welty started her career as a writer early on in her life. After attending college to receiveRead MoreEssay on Life of Eudora Welty1060 Words   |  5 Pages Eudora Welty was born in 1909, in Jackson, Mississippi, grew up in a prosperous home with her two younger brothers. Her parent was an Ohio-born insurance man and a strong-minded West Virginian schoolteacher, who settled in Jackson in 1904 after their marriage. Eudora’s school life began attending a white-only school. As born and brought up under strict supervision and influence, at the age of sixteen she somehow convinced her parents to attend college far enough from home, to Columbus, MississippiRead MoreSisters Jealousy in Why I Live at the P.O.902 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterializes because one of them feels overshadowed by the other. For girls, this results in a lack of confidence. If a girl loses to her sister, younger or older, insecurity builds underneath often causing hostility between them. In Eudora Welty’s â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.,† Sister’s resentfulness towards her sister hinde rs her ability to become independent. Stella-Rondo brings out jealousy in Sister that causes tension between them. Sister hates that Stella-Rondo married Mr. Whitaker since SisterRead MoreEssay on The Dysfunctional Family in Why I Live at the P.O.1329 Words   |  6 Pages Everyone wants a perfect family, but nothing is ever perfect. The family in â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.† is most definitely less than perfect. When Stella-Rondo returns to her old home after leaving her husband and bringing her small child who she claims is adopted, much conflict in the family increases. Stella-Rondo turns every family member living in the household against Sister, her older sister, and every family member betrays Sister by believing the lies Stella-Rondo tells about Sister to themRead MoreIndependence in Updike’s AP and Welty’s Why I Live at the P.O.945 Words   |  4 Pages Why do many strive to become independent or just do something bigger in life? With Updike’s â€Å"AP† and Welty’s â €Å"Why I Live at the P.O.†, we get a first person look into two similar but different people’s lives and struggles. In â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.† sister is the main character and the narrator. The same is for â€Å"AP† but Sammy is the main character and narrator. Sammy and Sister throughout the stories battle with their want of being independent. Sister is jealous of her younger sister Stella-Rondo’sRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 PagesA Worn Path by Eudora Welty Copyright Notice  ©1998−2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.  ©2007 eNotes.com LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storageRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 PagesA Worn Path by Eudora Welty Copyright Notice  ©1998−2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.  ©2007 eNotes.com LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage

Global Marketing Free Essays

string(90) " themselves facing moral and ethical dilemmas on a daily basis on a wide range of issues\." Fairmont Hotels and Resorts (Fairmont) is operating and competing in the hospitality industry, which has been affected vastly by the impact of global financial crisis, terrorist attacks, globalisation of the hospitality and tourism industry, the uncertainty surrounding the sovereign dept of some countries in EU, development of emerging markets, the rapid dissemination of global lifestyles and other economic and political uncertainties in the past few years.Fairmont is also affected by technological innovation as well as other broad macro environmental trends. This essay will examine the most recent trends of global macro environmental factors that are likely to have the most significant impact on the hospitality industry and more precisely on Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now First a brief overview of the Fairmont and its position in a current international hospitality market will be given. After this the nature and impact of global macro environmental variables will be explored. Company history Fairmont Hotels and Resorts (Fairmont) is the largest of the brands in the Fairmont Raffles Hotels International group and by combing three distinct brands: the Raffles, Swissotel and Fairmont portfolios and has become a truly global hotel company with 91 hotels worldwide. More than 65 hotels of Fairmont in Canada, United States, Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa, and Mexio, Carribean and Bermuda, sit between the upper scale and luxury travel market. They also have one of the largest collections of storied properties in the world with well known addresses in the portfolio including The Savoy in London, the Fairmont Banff Springs, and New York’s The Plaza. The average age of the guest is 47, down about 8 years in the last decade. Fairmont hotels target diverse market segments, for example Fairmont’s clientele has been split almost evenly between group (above 45%) and transient business (around 55%), and almost evenly between leisure and usiness travellers. However, their core customer is the luxury mid-aged traveller. Fairmont hotels are one-of-a-kind properties where sophisticated travellers can discover culturally rich experiences that are authentic to the destination. Situated in some of the most exclusive and pristine areas in the world, Fairmont is committed to responsible tourism and is an industry leader in sustainable hotel management with its award-winning Green Partnership program. What are global macro environmental variables? As Doole and Lowe (2008) state: â€Å"The environments in which international companies must operate is typically characterised by uncertainty and change – factors which, taken together, increase the element of risk for international marketing managers†. As many authors argue the global macro environmental factors are something beyond the companies influence, and must be treated as non-controllable variables. The five major global macro environmental factors, as denoted by Lancaster et al. (2002), Kotler et al. 2005) and Reid and Bojanic (2010) among the other authors, marketing managers often examine and which affect all organisation are: demographic, economic, political/legal, socio-cultural and technological factors. However, Lancaster et al. (2002) suggest if businesses are able to identify and react to these factors quickly enough they would be able to be part of changes occurring and take market leading position instead of being forced into market followers position or worst case being unable to prosper and survive as an international business in the global competition. Yet the macro environmental variables as suggested by mainstream theorists (Lancaster et al. 2002, Kotler et al. 2005, Doole and Lowe 2008, Kotabe and Helsen 2008, Palmer 2008, Reid and Bojanic 2010) needs to be managed through marketing planning process; threats must be minimised and opportunities maximised. For Fairmont, as an international hotel the issue to keep in mind is that hospitality industry is in a â€Å"fast moving environment† as well as their product they sell is perishable when considering changes in marketing strategy or tactics. Thus they face more complex and changing environments where they operate and compete than other industries. In order to survive and prosper, the essential is to take account of, and adapt to, fast changing environmental conditions. To see and take advantage of marketing opportunities while at the same time anticipating any threats to their business. By indentifying environmental trends soon enough, management should be able, at least in part, to anticipate where such trends are leading and what future conditions are likely to result from such changes. (Lancaster et al. 2002, Palmer 2008). Explain how changes in the socio-cultural environment affect marketing decisions The UK population will rebalance by 2015 – families will be the most prevalent group, and the retired will have increased in number fastest. One-person households are set to increase fastest into 2015, following the trend witnessed into 2010. Emerging markets where social exposure and status are important along with the rising income and relatively wealthy middle class. Mainly affect young people who have an above average need for social acceptance, and international travellers, who are exposed to multicultural values. Fairmont target market age group younger than used to be †¦. Embracing social media is a key way to reach customers. â€Å"We could never have predicted the explosion of social media,† Laboy said. And yes, â€Å"you can have meaningful customer engagement via Twitter. † Hoteliers need to consider mobile tagging as a way to offer promotions to customers, he said. †¢Ethical challenges and the Green movement On one hand provides opportunities to connect to customers and employees. On the other hand Western consumers choosing brands look for reassurance that the product has been produced in what they see as a socially responsible manner. On the basis of ensuring products and ingredients came from authentic source of supply which did not leave to the destruction of the environment and that they are free from child slavery and that the people that make them are able to earn a proper living wage. Consumers globally are becoming better informed through better education and faster and more effective communication. Now firms are increasingly expected to ensure that their behavior is ethical and in the interests of the global community which makes up their market. However, international marketing executives operating across cultures will find themselves facing moral and ethical dilemmas on a daily basis on a wide range of issues. You read "Global Marketing" in category "Essay examples" Some of those currently receiving particular attention are bribery and corruption, counterfeiting and piracy. Explain how changes in the economic environments affect marketing decisions The international hotel industry has shown signs of recovery in the first half of 2010 according to the bi-annual hotel survey conducted by Hogg Robinson Group (HRG). HRG’s interim survey is based on a combination of industry intelligence, actual room nights booked and rates paid by its UK clients during January to June 2010 compared to the same period in 2009. Globally, the hotel industry has shown signs of recovery in the first half of 2010 when compared to the same period in 2009. Although the survey reveals a fragmented global picture, the hotel market in Europe and the US appears to be stabilising, as rates are either flat or only marginally down. The emerging market economies of India and China have shown strong upturns in growth over the last six months. Year-on-year economic growth in Q2 2010 was 7. 9% and 10. 3% in India and China respectively and the resurgence in economic activity has helped to prop up room rates. Growth in both economies will begin to ease over the next year as central banks begin to raise interest rates to address inflationary pressures. In contrast though, the Middle East region recorded the highest rate decrease, with double digit falls in the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar and Oman. Many western economies are coming to terms with the budget cuts necessary to reduce sovereign debt levels which will inevitably soften room rate growth. Dynamic emerging economies have less need to take fiscal austerity measures in the current climate and we expect growth to be higher as a result. However, the survey shows that emerging economies have not, as of yet, fully recovered from the effects of the global economic downturn. In the UK, growth prospects are buoyed by a weak sterling which continues to support tourism and leisure travel. In addition, the ongoing recovery of the banking and finance sector will contribute to corporate demand for rooms. There are, however, significant downside risks to growth in the market emerging from future cuts in public spending Belfast and Beijing both suffer from an oversupply of hotels, the latter having experienced massive investment in recent years from major players keen to build a presence in this emerging market. Bangalore, a city reliant on business travel associated with the IT industry and call centres, is a classic example of a market ‘popping’ as it has seen rates fall as a result of a drop in demand due to the global recession coupled with significant new hotel openings which have led to a current oversupply of rooms. Services apartments have grown in popularity and some of the IT industry has relocated to other areas in India. The 5 star market achieved a marginal increase of 1%. Whilst there has undoubtedly been a trend for corporates to turn to the 4 and even 3 star sectors in the current climate, hoteliers in this sector have held out for rates at the expense of lower occupancy levels, conscious that any significant rate reduction has an adverse effect on service levels as costs are brought in line, resulting in damage to a hotel’s reputation for quality and standards. Reflecting the need for cost reduction, clients are downgrading between the star ratings as well as continually reviewing their programmes and renegotiating rates where possible. In the 3 and 4 star markets average rates have decreased as suppliers strive to maintain their share of the corporate market. We continue to believe that budget options are not always the cheapest option when the add-on costs are taken into account. Mintel The UK officially exited recession in the fourth quarter of 2009. GDP rose 0. 4%, subsequently increasing 0. % in the first quarter of 2010 then 1. 1% in the second quarter. While fears of a ‘double dip’ recession have eased somewhat, consumer confidence has remained weak as Britain has entered an ‘age of austerity’. Economic growth in Europe remains weak relative to other regions; Euro zone GDP grew year/on/year by 0. 6% in Q1 2010, compared to growth on 1. 2% in Japan and 2. 7% in the US over the same period (Hogg Robinson Group 2010). Global hotel sales are expected to increase 30-40% in 2011, according to hotel investment services company Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels. 009 was characterised by frozen liquidity, stalled transactions and drops in hotel performance and values globally, this year signalled a dramatic improvement, with more opportunities for buyers. The number of hotel sales is forecast to continue to rise substantially in 2011, reaching a value of $28 billion (? 18 billion) to $30 billion (? 19. 3 billion). ASPAC has seen strong growth this year. However, overbuilding in Abu Dhabi and Dubai are dragging down levels in the Middle East and Africa. Every region except ASPAC saw a rise in September, but a dip in October. ASPAC remained strong in October. ASPAC is one of White’s bright spots. She sees that market growing by 10-12% in 2011. Other areas showing strong growth this year are Sao Paulo, Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro. She sees occupancy will increase by 3-5 %, ADR by 4-5% and overall RevPAR by 6-9%. Looking at specific RevPARs, ASPAC will increase 10-14%; Europe, 7-9%; the Americas, 6-9%; and the Middle East and Asia, 3-6%. VAT Emerging markets Fairmont regional growth is driven by Middle East markets such as the UAE, Egypt and increasingly Saudi Arabia, as well as growing numbers of Gulf travelers that stay at its properties in the United States, Europe and Asia. The Middle East, despite being impacted by the global downturn, still shows resilience over the past year with revenue dropping less than other regions, industry figures showed. Saudi Arabia has a large critical mass, huge influx of travelers, the built in demand drivers, and it helps us support our partnerships with our shareholders. It is the world’s top oil exporter, is developing its tourism sector to lower dependence on oil and hosts an estimated 10 million Muslim pilgrims every year. The 14 planned hotels will be all under the Fairmont brand. Fairmont is likely to also add hotels in Qatar, the world’s top exporter of liquefied natural gas, whose economy is booming and hosting World Cup in 12 years time†¦(Walid 2010) Explain how changes in the political/legal environments affect marketing decisions Identify the major trends in the firm’s technological environments Broadband penetration continues to increase, even amongst the groups already most likely to have access. 200 mph train from London to Frankfurt arriving in 2013 + opening new markets bringing closer international trade†¦ In a world moving more and more towards globalization, hotel organizations ill need to communicate more quickly, operate more productively, offer their employees greater opportunity and deliver their customers enhanced benefits. Those companies that address these issues today will be better prepared for the global marketplace of tomorrow. Conclusion Fairmont competes in the strongly competitive hotel and lodging industry, focusing on the first class and luxury segments of the markets. Fairmont is impacted by change in the overall travel, tourism and hospitality industries as well as broader macro-environmental trends. Bibliography http://www.amadeus.com/amadeus/goldrush2020.html http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ fairmont-sees-14-more-hotels-in-mideast-by-2014-184514.html How to cite Global Marketing, Essay examples Global Marketing Free Essays Introduction and Company Background Tesco PLC is the largest British retailer in terms of both global sales and domestic market share with profits that exceed ? 3 billion. Currently, the company is the third largest after Wal-Mart and Carrefour in terms of revenue but only second to Wal-Mart in terms of profits. The company has diversified its market target into clothing, food, financial services, drink, home, car insurance, telecoms and health. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jack Cohen founded Tesco PLC in 1919 in East London and the company has grown over the years and now has a 30.9% market share in the United Kingdom which makes it the largest retailer in the UK (Applegate Johnsen, 2007, p. 128). The core business of the company is large format food stores and other convenience items. It operates under four banners namely, Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. This report analyses the critical marketing issues that is facing Tesco PLC. It will explore the global marketing strategies being pursued by the company and attempt to draw comparisons between its approach and appropriate theoretical concepts and models. The study will also evaluate whether the model being used by the company is still relevant in the current marketing practice or not. The study will rely on the following methodology in the analysis. External environmental analysis Tesco Plc operates in an industry that is dominated by two other companies in the global business environment. Its main competitors are Wal-Mart and Carrefour who have a huge base of loyal customers. The external environment will be analysed using the STEEPLED model in order to assess the ethics and demographic factors in the analysis. Political Factors Tesco Plc now operates in Europe, Asia and North America and as such its performance is a function of legislative and political conditions of all the countries it operates in including the European Union. The company is affected by employment legislations as most governments encourage retailers to provide mixed job opportunities from low paying unskilled to the well paying high skilled jobs (McLoughlin Aaker 2010, p. 53). The operations of the company are therefore highly sensitive to the political environment. For instance in Malaysia the government passed legislations that limit the number of stores the company can operate in the country. Tesco Plc employs the local people especially at the lower and middle management levels, pays taxes and complies with the local laws to ensure that its operations are not hindered by such factors. Economic Factors The economic factors affect the costs, demand, prices and profits of Tesco Plc. High unemployment levels and difficult economic times reduces the ability of households to purchase products and as such affects the demand required for the company to produce such goods (Pradhan 2009, p. 88). The company cannot control such external factors but they have profound impacts on its performance and the marketing mix. It is still highly depended on its core business in the United Kingdom and as such any economic slowdowns in the country can grossly affect it because it is exposed to the risks of market concentration. It is for this reason that the company is focused on growing its presence in the international market in order to raise its revenue base. Socio-Cultural Factors The British customers have increasingly developed more preference for one stop bulk shopping because of a variety of social changes. Tesco Plc has therefore increased the amount of non-food items in its stores so as to be able to take advantage of the opportunity. The company also offers a wide range of products that cater for the different diverse needs of people of the customers. Attitudes, beliefs and social conditioning often determine the type of goods and services demanded by the consumers (Richter 2012, p. 61). Additionally, the consumers are increasingly becoming aware of their health issues which change their attitudes towards food. Tesco Plc has had to adopt its marketing mix in order to accommodate the increased demand for organic products. It was also the first to allow customers to make payments using cheques and cash at the checkout. Demographics The demographic changes in the UK population like aging population and more female workers mean that there is a decline in home meal preparation in the country. The company has increased food supply in its stores in order to satisfy the needs of such customers. The same approach is replicated in its international stores as it provides the local foods like whale meat in Japan and other foods in Malaysia and South Korea (Cunningham Harney 2012, p. 90). Technological Factors Many products of the company have of the company have been influenced by technology. Technology is therefore a major macro environmental factor that benefits both the company and the customers (Baines et al 2013, p. 77). The customers are satisfied through more personalised and convenient shopping while the company benefits through the development of an efficient supply chain. Environmental Factors Companies are currently facing increased pressure to acknowledge their responsibility to the society. The companies are required to operate in a way that benefits the society (Bradley 2005, p. 33). Tesco has been accused of selling genetically modified foods to children. The focus of the corporate social responsibility of the company is to comply with regulations and its corporate governance policy. Legal Factors Tesco Plc is required to comply with the different policies and legislations of the countries in which it has operations. For example in Malaysia it faced restrictions that limit its expansion in the country. The company has lowered the prices of some goods to comply with the pricing policies of different countries in which it has business operations. Internal Environmental Analysis Although Tesco PLC has operations in different countries across the world, its core operations are in the United Kingdom which accounts for over 60% of its sales. This study will use different theoretical models in analysing the external environment of the company. The company continuously upgrades its ordering system, in- store processes and vendor list to improve the efficiency of its operations. It uses information technology to maintain its low priced leadership approach to supply chain management. The EPRG framework will be used to analyse Tesco PLC foreign marketing involvement. The company has to re-orient itself and align its operations to fit into the different levels of operational activities that a particular market segment requires. The EPRG framework assesses four types of orientation of a firm towards foreign marketing. It is very useful in helping companies asses and determine their operational strategies as it relates closely to the marketing mix. The strategies chos en by the company for each variable determines its overall operational strategy. The table below shows the EPRG analysis and marketing mix of Tesco PLC. Product The products of Tesco PLC are a mix of ethnocentric and regiocentric. The products that the company sells do not fit into all its market segments. Instead it sells products that are suitable for the respective regions in order to maximise sales (Thoenig Waldman 2007, p. 111). The international expansion of the company takes into account the different tastes of the respective market segments. For instance it devoted a very big attention to the needs of the customers while venturing into the central European market as is reflected in the product line (Glowik Smyczek 2011, p. 117). In the Czech Republic the company concentrated on providing the Czech products through retail shops. The same goes to China where the local consumers prefer buying live fish and turtles and other instant noodles unlike in the European market. Tesco PLC had to provide these products to the Chinese market in order to attract the Chinese customers. The other example is in Thailand where the company had to adap t to the shopping habits of the Thai customers by introducing the fresh market hall to serve the interests of these customers who spent a huge proportion of their income on fresh foods. These new adjustments were introduced by the company to help it penetrate the new markets because some of these provisions are not available in its operations in the United Kingdom. The website of the company is also translated into the languages of the specific market segments to ensure that the prospective and existent customers get the latest information on the products on sale and offers if any. The other aspects of the company like online marketing and sales are consistently available in all the market segments. Promotion Tesco PLC uses a mixture of both ethnocentric and polycentric promotional strategy. Although most of its promotional activities are those used in the United Kingdom, it also utilises the needs and characteristics of the particular market in formulating its promotional strategies (Humby et al 2008, p.68). For example Tesco PLC implemented a strong plan for addressing parts of its offer to the customers in Thailand. The measures included remerchandising of its clubpack range of bulk products. It particularly targeted the small traders who shop regularly with the company. Another example is Poland where the company is launching a turnaround plan to improve its presentation of fresh food and is even introducing new concepts like bistro dining in order to differentiate itself from competition (Gunn 2009, p. 139). These plans are in some ways similar to the build better Tesco strategy being used in the United Kingdom but are a little adjusted to best serve the interests of the local market . Price Tesco PLC pursues a predominantly polycentric pricing approach in its international markets. The company attempts to organise its marketing activities based on the specific countries of operation (Humby et al 2008, p. 198). It treats each country differently and formulates strategies that suit the specific local needs of the consumers. As such the prices of its products vary across different market segments depending on demand, income levels and demographics. For instance having had a difficult time in Ireland, the company launched pricing initiatives aimed at combating discounters and counter the lower prices offered by its competitors. The company reduced the prices in the stores particularly those close to the Irish border and has plans of extending the same to the rest of its stores in the country in the long run. The same low pricing strategy was also used by the company in Malaysia in order to attract more customers. In the other markets like England and Poland the prices are a little higher because they are sustainable for those market segments. In essence, Tesco PLC tries to ensure that the products and their prices fit into the demands of that particular market segment in question. People The management orientation of Tesco PLC has elements of both geocentric and polycentric influence. The global expansion of the company has been accompanied by teams that focus on both global and local markets. Its international expansion strategy has mainly been through joint ventures with the local partner firms in order to be sensitive to the needs of the local markets (Maynard 2013, p. 33). The company retains the employees of the partnering firms and continues with the approach of employing the local people because they are well placed to serve the needs of the local consumers. These local personnel are maintained by the company especially in the middle and low management positions because they are better placed to serve the needs of the local market than the foreign expatriates. Place and Process The process of Tesco PLC is a mix of polycentric and geocentric. The company has adopted a global approach in some of its operations as it has designed its value chain in a manner that ensures that it minimises its operational costs. For instance when it came apparent that it was critical to reduce the prices of products in its stores in Ireland, Tesco PLC decided to drop its suppliers in the country in preference for favourable ones elsewhere. The management of the company has established its distribution channels to facilitate the movement of its products across the different regional and national markets (Zentes et al 2011, p.173). The process of the company also has some elements of polycentric approach because it uses some strategies based on particular countries. For instance in Asia it treats all the countries differently based their product demands are different making it impossible for the company to use the geocentric approach.As such it acquires the products from the loca l suppliers and uses local marketing channels for serving the needs of that particular market segment. The polycentric approach has helped the company penetrate into difficult markets like Malaysia, China and South Korea as these countries have significant political, economic and cultural differences with the United Kingdom (Zentes et al 2011, p. 45). The products of the company are sold in its stores which it rents in the major malls and shopping centres whenever it finds space or builds its own stores in cases where that is the best option for the market segment. The place can be said to be polycentric because the products are mostly in the big cities where there are many consumers with the ability to buy its products. The polycentric approach enables the company to strategically position itself in the markets in order to reach as many customers as possible. Proactive Market Research The uses a polycentric approach in research and new product development because the needs of its customers in the different market segments are very diverse. In addition to this, some market segments like the American market have big industrial players like Wal-Mart who have a large base of loyal customers making it difficult to venture into such markets with an ethnocentric approach. Proliferation of the Brand The products of the company are standardised around the world to ensure that they are distinct and meet the required company standards. TOWS ANALYSIS of Tesco Plc The TOWS analysis will be used to analyse both the internal and external factors in order to provide a holistic view of the position and direction of the company. The figure below shows a combination of the TOWS analysis that combines the DEEPLETERS analysis with the competitive advantages and EPRG model. INTERNAL STRENGTHS O Strong global brand and high brand exposure O Strong core UK market O Strong and stable growth in Asia O Financially sound O Variety of products to appeal to different consumersINTERNAL WEAKNESES OEthnocentric reliance on the UK market OStagnant or negative sales in some developed countries OHigh price elasticity due to competition and low costs of customers switching to other brands and loyalty OResistance to large firms in some countries EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES SO OContinue entering appropriate markets across the globe OContinue building on cost efficient pricing to attract more customers OGo into new markets and buy local retailers to gain market shareWO OExplore ways of reducing their operational costs in order to reduce prices for the consumers OIncrease the efficiency of its business process and supply chain OCapitalise on the opportunities present in the developing world by opening more stores there EXTERNAL THREATS OIncreased competition from other well established brands OPolitical and legal opposition against expansion in some economies OContracting consumer expenditures in Europe that reduce the demand for the non-basic goods OEconomic reforms may threaten multinationals like the finances and operations of Tesco Plc ST ORemain ahead of its competitors in terms of research and innovation in order to give the customers what they want OContribute to the society in which it operates to limit the political and legal barriers that inhibit its growthWT OIncrease the awareness of the brand through advertisement OWithdraw from the markets that are not performing well and use the funds to support other operations of the company The above analysis reveals that the company is on the right path as it has enacted mechanisms that will help it capitalise on its strengths and address its weaknesses. For instance the company has closed some of its international businesses that are not performing well like in the United States to reduce on loses. The company has also increased its operations in China and is focused in strengthening its presence in the emerging economies in Asia. Additionally, it is employing more local people and complying with the local regulations to reduce opposition against its operations in some economies. Opportunity Identification Analysis of opportunity identification will be done using the BCG Matrix. The Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG) is important in analysing how companies allocate resources (Maynard 2013, p.81). The matrix splits the products of the company into four categories that determine how much money the company should invest in them. The categories are as follows: Cash cows should be used by the company for profits as much as possible Stars should receive investments so that they become the next cash cows Dogs have low share of market growth and should be sold as they depress the performance of the company Question marks have low share of high growth market and have the potential of becoming stars or dogs. The high street shops of the company are the cash cows. Tesco Plc has approximately 30% of market share in this division although the growth of the division has been very slow. The online operations of the company are the stars. The company is the largest online grocer in the United Kingdom. Tesco Plc should make more investments in this sector to improve its online offering because e-commerce is growing rapidly. The question marks of the company include video on demand service and blinkbox which face high competition from the big industrial players. The company should decide on the appropriate level of investments needed for turning this division into star. The Fresh and Easy operation in the United States was a dog and that is why the company decided to pull out of the country. Positioning/ targeting The targeting strategy of Tesco Plc includes people of all ages and it offers a wide range of products to meet the demands of the customers. The company focuses on the specifications of products that are close to those of the rival companies in order to try and win customers from such companies. For instance it offers fresh and unreserved goods because people spend more money buying fresh products. In addition to product specifications, the company also prices its products fairly to attract more customers because households are very sensitive to price. Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that the strategies being pursued by Tesco Plc in its international expansion are in line with strategic models. The company identifies the opportunities present in the business environment and then devises the strategies for exploiting them. It has also adopted entry strategies like joint ventures and acquisitions for expanding into the international market. Such approach has helped the company expand its distribution network and win over the local markets by giving the customers a local approach. The company has also closed down the international businesses that are not doing well in the United States and Japan to reduce on loses and help it focus on other profitable markets. The company must continue to exploit the potential emerging markets and also looks for mechanisms of outdoing its major competitors. References Applegate, E., Johnsen, A. (2007). Cases in advertising and marketing management: Real situations for tomorrow’s managers. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Baines, P., Fill, C., Page, K. (2013). Essentials of marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bradley, F. (2005). International marketing strategy. New York: FT/Prentice Hall. Cunningham, J., Harney, B. (2012). Strategy strategists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Glowik, M., Smyczek, S. (2011). International marketing management: Strategies, concepts and cases in Europe. Mu?nchen: Oldenbourg. Gunn, M. (2009). Trading regime analysis: The probability of volatility. Chichester, England: Wiley. Humby, C., Hunt, T., Phillips, T. (2008). Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page. Maynard, J. (2013). Financial accounting, reporting, and analysis. Oxford: Oxford university press McLoughlin, D., Aaker, D. A. (2010). Strategic market management: Global perspectives. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Pradhan, S. (2009). Retailing management: Text and cases. New Delhi, India: Tata Mcgraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. Richter, T. (2012). International marketing mix management: Theoretical framework, contingency factors and empirical findings from world-markets. Berlin: Logos. Thoenig, J.-C., Waldman, C. (2007). The marking enterprise: Business success and societal embedding. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan. Zentes, J., Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. (2011). Strategic retail management: Text and international cases. Wiesbaden: Gabler. Appendix Ethnocentric Polycentric Regiocentric Geocentric EthnocentricProliferation of the Brand Promotionproduct Polycentric Price / place/ Proactive Market Research Regiocentric Geocentric People / process How to cite Global Marketing, Essay examples

Accounting Concepts of Conceptual Framework

Questions: Case Study 1:Reassessing the Conceptual Framework. Case study 2: Accounting system based on fair value. Answers: Case study 1: Conceptual requirements of a principle based requirement: Introduction: Through the adoption of IFRS globally, the progress of work in todays world has shifted towards a set of standard that defines high quality. The regulators, constructors and auditors of various nations will face the challenges of acting together with IASB in order to ensure that IFRS is principle based as IFRS has been adopted by many nations around the world. This component of the study has shown and discussed the important changes of principle based standards and its characteristics that have been considered as the market transaction internationally towards the single quality accounting standards (Academia.edu. 2016). Framework for inaugurating principle based standards related to accounting: It has been argued upon the fact that in order to inaugurate universally accepted characteristics of what is being considered as standards that has been employed in the course of inaugurating a quality principle based accounting system. The two characteristics that mainly evaluate the importance critically ensure the fact that the succeeding principle based system promotes the financial reports and it has been discussed in the following manner: Presentation of economic actuality The principle based accounting system must acquires the outcomes of financial reporting that represents economic repercussion due to the transaction, and the economic balance are being purported and presented as a whole of the accounting system, like Faithful representation Reflection of the economic substance Presentation of the provided fair value Retaliation of the users need with transparency The management commentary and the transparent disclosure play a vital role in ensuring the fact that investors do understand and also have confidence on the financial reports depended on principle based accounting standards. Recently the investors are getting interested in the reflection of current state of business through financial statement along with the implantation such reports as a predictive tool. Principle based accounting system need to be developed in such a way so that the investors can obtain the desired information and understanding of the financial reports (Accounting-simplified.com.2016). The common framework o0f IASB and FASB Background In a jointly held meeting the IASB and FASB have decided to generate a joint project based on the correlated agendas in order to form a common framework based on the agreement that both of the boards would engage their accounting standard. These principles should be based on the economic essential aspects rather than collective arbitrary conventions. In order to provide a proper foundation to the principle based accounting standards they have improvised the conceptual framework (Accountingtools.com. 2016). In recent years it has been observed that the IASB and FASB are conducting a joint project on the conceptual framework. An overview about why the framework of IASB and FASB are unable to attain the needs of financial standards and it also asserts the need for revisiting the reasons behind it. The framework has been constructed with eight elements namely; Objectives and qualitative characteristics of financial standards Elements and recognition of the different aspects Measurement of financial standard Recognizing the reporting entity Presentation and disclosure of the important facts Purpose and status of financial standards Application to not for profit Discussion paper issued by IASB and FASB in order to acquire boards preliminary exposure and drafts. Benefits of conceptual framework The boards have started to pursue a certain number of joint projects in order to achieve short term convergence on certain issues along with some major aspects. The main objective of the boards to aligned the agendas so that they can obtain the convergence for future standards. If the boards will depend on the different conceptual frameworks they might encounter difficulties in future. The frameworks of IASB and FASB have formed mainly during the 70s and 80s facilitating the concepts that explains a long way towards the accurate base of principle based accounting system. Although the present concept proved to be helpful as previously IASB and FASB were unable to understand their goals based of the conceptual framework (Coursehero.com. 2016). Cost cutting In the course of the joint project, it can be realised that some issues may arise and will be reoccurring in this context. A variety of different aspects that are almost difficult to address the cost cutting issues in the principle based accounting system. Therefore the conceptual framework shows a better path in which the boards would be able to improvise their standard level guidance. According to the financial reports the boards have received and generated comments on recognition and measurement along with exposure draft related to the reporting entity. The issues like gender equality and environment under cross cutting concepts are relevant to the atmosphere of development. The issues related to cross cutting is generally considered as a strategy to development including the various integral dimensions like design, monitoring and evaluation of developmental policies and programmes (Environmental Disclosure Committee Newsletter. 2012). The systematic accounting system of cross cutting aspects that has been taken into consideration by Luxembourg includes implementation, formulation and evaluation of the fact. The official agency LuxDev has rebuilt its code of conduct in order to encompass the rights against women discrimination and the environment. Its operational business agency GIZ in Germany supported the formation of contract between international alliances in partnership. Instances can be cited in this regard like GIZ have provided the proper insight to its partners to rectify the environmental risks, helped in improving the environmental policies, and develops strategies based on regional environmental strategies to generate effective policies related to environment in their respective areas. The initial approach has been made on the specific interventions and the establishment of inner structure in order to promote and monitor mainstreaming. On the other hand the, Switzerlands approach has been evaluated thro ugh the mainstreaming of gender equality across the strategic and targeted plan (mainstreaming cross-cutting issues advancing gender equality and environmental sustainability. 2014). Case study 2: The essential issues related to financial statement constructed on the historical cost measurement principle under GAAP The nominal or original cost explaining the balance sheet of a company shows a historical cost of measure faire value has been used in accounting. In the US under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) the cost methods are being assessed. Based on the historical cost principle most of the assets that are being recorded in the cost cutting paper works even if they have significantly changed over the years. For instance, the headquarters of a company has bought a land against the amount of $100,000 in 1925, but the land value has increased at present in $20 million, but the asset is still recoded in the balance sheet as $100,000. In this regard it can be said that not all the assets can be considered as historical cost. For example the marketable securities are considered as the market value on balance sheet. The term fair value that has been assessed by the reporting standards aims to present financial statement measured by faire value and also explained as an evaluation of t he techniques of the financial statement rather than their historical cost. The concept of fair value and historical cost are the main instruments that help to detect major changes in the financial situation of a company. The concept of fair value in the financial context has been inculcated from 1980s. The term has been widely used in respect of acquisition and allocation for the entry value and it states that financial accounting is a reliable source that could prevent the future crisis in the organizational structure. The SEC accounting system has encouraged from the very beginning the debates of fair value and historical accounting system (Fasb.org. 2016). The reflection of economic reality in measurement accounting. Economic reality is such a concept that may vary in different conditions. Valuation depends on the various aspects of economic measurement like financial assets (cash), market price and values drawn from future cash flows and ongoing operations. The economic reality changes its forms in accordance with the demands of investors, auditors and manufacturers which come in different forms. The arguments are evidently same as both appeals to historical cost rather than an alternate way. It has been observed in this regard that the transaction accounting is based on the technical rulings. It is also evident that the political impacts on the accounting system can be learned from the reinforced introduction of it. Other aspects may relate to the risk of asset class and permanent and temporary earnings and liquidity (Iasplus.com. 2016). Measurement Of Economic Reality: Economic reality beholds a special place in the practices related to accounting and standard setting practices. Different point of view has been nurtured in this context from decades on the nature of economic reality and the right ways of its approach. While taking about the positivism philosophy reality can be asserted as an independent object but in other sense interpretive views the reality as a socially constructed philosophy about reality. This study highlights the argue about the utilization of interpretive to the world in relation to the accounting research is better able to detect the economic reality that is socially formed and exercises much effect in this regard. This happens due to the concept of accounting as a social science and can be understood in a better way by assessing the various views of different parties involved in this course (Luiz et al. 2004). Dependability in financial accounting: The information which that is worth trusting is always based on material accuracy and also on ways in which it represent he information in the present context. If there are over writing, correction and missing of valid statement then the faith in the financial data automatically reduces. For an instance when a firm is involved in managing the issues of another firm and the settlement issue could create problem and affect financial stability of the organisation. If the issue is not disclosed, would create further problem. Validity of financial data may be further managed through key steps, concepts and approaches like, neutral approach, faithful representation, completing the task, caution and adopting single economic entity concept. The principle of validity is a particular idea that would help in recording main transactions in the system and could be verified easily. Some key examples of objective instances are; Appraisal reports, Purchase receipts, Promissory notes, Bank statements and Cancelled checks. It could be further stated here after completing the study that it is often difficult for the organisation to meet reliability principle. It becomes all the more difficult when there is an issues connected to inventory obsolescence reserve, return on the sales or allowance for doubtful accounts. It is therefore essential to take justifiable steps and approaches and also conduct detailed analysis for the reserve. This is generally based on the verifiable experience from the past that happened in handling similar type of data. The reliability principle is generally identified as the objectivity principle (Hennes, 2014). References Academia.edu. (2016).Historical Cost vs Fair (Market) Value. Accounting-simplified.com. (2016).Reliability Concept of accounting information explained with examples. Accountingtools.com. (2016).Reliability Principle - AccountingTools. Campbell, K., Sefcik, S. and Soderstrom, N. (2003). Disclosure of Private Information and Reduction of Uncertainty: Coursehero.com. (2016).It is important to separate out both components because - ACCOUNTING - 1. Environmental and Sustainability Management Accounting (EMA) for Advancing Sustainability Management. (2013). Fasb.org. (2016).Summary of Statement No. 96. Hennes, K. (2014). Disclosure of contingent legal liabilities.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33(1), pp.32-50.